https://www.servethehome.com/virtualization-long-history/

We may imagine the digital cloud as placeless, mute, ethereal, and unmediated. Yet the reality of the cloud is embodied in thousands of massive data centers, any one of which can use as much electricity as a midsized town. Even all these data centers are only one small part of the cloud. Behind that cloud-shaped icon on our screens is a whole universe of technologies and cultural norms, all working to keep us from noticing their existence. In this book, Tung-Hui Hu examines the gap between the real and the virtual in our understanding of the cloud.

Hu shows that the cloud grew out of such older networks as railroad tracks, sewer lines, and television circuits. He describes key moments in the prehistory of the cloud: the game “Spacewar” as exemplar of time-sharing computers to Cold War bunkers that were later reused as data centers. Countering the popular perception of a new “cloudlike” political power that is dispersed and immaterial, Hu argues that the cloud grafts digital technologies onto older ways of exerting power over a population.

But because we invest the cloud with cultural fantasies about security and participation, we fail to recognize its militarized origins and ideology. Moving between the materiality of the technology itself and its cultural rhetoric, Hu’s account offers a set of new tools for rethinking the contemporary digital environment (Abstract, MITpress, mod.).

https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262029513.001.0001

Das Anfang der 1960er Jahre am MIT unter der Leitung von Fernando Corbató entwickelte CTSS basierte auf den theoretischen Modellen von John McCarthy. Es ermöglichte erstmals mehreren Nutzern gleichzeitig parallelen Zugriff auf ein Mainframe und gilt als Urahn der Time-Sharing Systeme und virtuellen Maschinen. Es existierten zwei Prototypen, wobei der erste für den laufenden Betrieb und der zweite für die Entwicklung von Multics verwendet wurde. 

Quelle:
Andreas C. Hofmann: Von Time Sharing bis Cloud Computing. Virtualisierung als eine Grundlage unserer Informationsgesellschaft, M.A. (LIS) Thesis [masch.], Humboldt-Univ. zu Berlin, S. 24f.